Islamic banking is a financial system. It prohibits riba (interest), excessive uncertainty, and speculative or gambling-like transactions, and requires that financial activities be tied to real, tangible assets. Instead of interest, Islamic banks use structures such as profit-sharing, joint ventures, and asset-based sales. Islamic banking also restricts investment in industries considered haram, such as alcohol, gambling, and pornography. It operates both in Muslim-majority countries and in global financial markets alongside conventional banking.